Thanks for your suggestions so far! I tried switching to the lts kernel, and I got the same problem.
A bit more information: It looks like garuda-update is somehow making the system think that there is a separate instance of Garuda installed on my second NVME drive. Here's what my grub menu looks like after the update. Note the extra Garuda Linux entry on my secondary NVME drive:
And here's what it looks like after I do the rollback (this is expected):
